Understanding ADHD

ADHD is characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. It is generally classified into three types: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined presentation, which exhibits symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. While many children may display occasional signs of inattention or impulsivity, ADHD is distinguished by its intensity and persistence, often leading to significant challenges in academic, social, and familial settings. For instance, a friend of mine, who has a son diagnosed with ADHD, shared how his inability to focus in school often leads to frustration not only for him but also for his teachers and classmates, highlighting the disorder's impact on daily life.

Common Symptoms of ADHD

The symptoms of ADHD can be broadly categorised into three main groups: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Inattention may manifest as difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities, frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork, or an apparent lack of attention to details. Hyperactivity is often recognised through excessive movement, fidgeting, or an inability to remain seated in appropriate situations. Impulsivity may involve hasty actions without forethought, such as interrupting conversations or making important decisions without consideration of the consequences. Understanding these symptoms is crucial, as they can significantly hinder an individual's ability to function effectively in various aspects of life.

Inattention

Signs of inattention can vary between individuals and across different age groups. For children, this may present as difficulty following instructions or completing schoolwork, often leading to academic struggles. Adults may experience chronic forgetfulness, such as missing appointments or misplacing items regularly. Disorganisation is another key trait, where individuals may have trouble managing their time effectively or keeping track of tasks. These symptoms can create a cycle of frustration and low self-esteem, as individuals may feel consistently overwhelmed by their inability to meet expectations.

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity is often evident in children who display excessive fidgeting or an inability to stay seated, particularly in structured environments like classrooms. This may continue into adulthood, where individuals find it challenging to engage in quiet activities or may feel restless even in casual settings. Such behaviours can impact social interactions, as individuals may struggle to maintain friendships due to perceived disruptions or an inability to adhere to social norms. My friend's son often finds it hard to participate in group activities without becoming overly energetic, which can sometimes alienate him from his peers.

Impulsivity

Impulsivity can lead to various challenges, including interrupting others during conversations or acting without considering the consequences. Children may struggle to wait for their turns in games or discussions, while adults might make hasty decisions in personal or professional contexts. This behaviour can strain relationships, as friends and family may feel disregarded or frustrated by the impulsive actions. Recognising impulsivity as a symptom of ADHD is essential, as it can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in both personal and social environments.

Less Recognised Signs of ADHD

While the common symptoms of ADHD are widely recognised, several less acknowledged signs can significantly affect an individual’s quality of life. Emotional dysregulation, which involves difficulty managing emotions and experiencing intense feelings, can lead to mood swings and conflicts in relationships. Additionally, struggles with time management can hinder productivity, as individuals may underestimate how long tasks will take or procrastinate excessively. Organisation difficulties often go unnoticed, as messy environments or misplaced items can be attributed to typical forgetfulness rather than a deeper issue. Recognising these signs is crucial for individuals and their loved ones, as it can lead to better strategies for coping and support.